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According to the lifestyle magazine Monocle, Copenhagen is the world’s most liveable city. It is the second time the Danish capital wins the title, the last time being in 2008. Then and now, bicycles play an essential role for Copenhagen’s high level of life quality for the city’s residents and visitors. Factors like a vibrant [...]

I made three short videos during the study tour two weeks ago. As it happens, all three of them show children and teenagers using the cycling infrastructure in one way or another. A cycle-path through a residential area in Assen followed by a crossing which is safe for all to use Teenagers in one corner of a park in Groningen. It was a sunny afternoon, so thousands of people had ridden their David Hembrowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14543024940730663645noreply@blogger.com0http://www.aviewfromthecyclepath.com/2013/06/health-wealth-and-happiness-benefits-of.html

As David Hembrow of A View from the Cycle Path fame is often keen to point out, the clock is ticking.

On the 4th March 2013, Andrew Gilligan, the Mayor of London's Cycling Commissioner, stated that "it took 40 years to turn Amsterdam in to Amsterdam".  But of course it will take even longer to turn London in to a cycling nirvana on a par with Amsterdam if we never start.  Indeed, we were 40 years behind Amsterdam over 100 days ago.  That's 40 years plus 100 days of unnecessary road danger, unpleasant cycling conditions and avoidable deaths and serious injuries of people on bikes.

Gilligan and others ride "OV Fiets", the Dutch national rail hire bicycle.
Lucky for us then, that news reaches ibikelondon that Mr Gilligan and a number of Transport for London bods have recently spent some time cycling in the Netherlands and admiring some of the country's finest cycling infrastructure, alongside Kaya Burgess of The Times who spearheaded that newspaper's excellent and ongoing Cities Fit For Cycling campaign.  Who knows, maybe they learnt some valuable lessons from the safest place to cycle in the world, where more people cycle than anywhere else?

And for those looking to learn from the Dutch model, in this hyper-connected world in which we find ourselves living there's a whole host of learning resources floating around for free on the internet.  It should not take us 40 years to stop "being behind" because it is now so much easier to learn and implement new ideas in our information-enabled age.  If they so wished, engineers at TfL HQ could send a design brief for a new bike-friendly roundabout design to a consultancy in Rotterdam and have PDFs of draft Dutch proposals back by tea time, something almost unimaginable just 13 years ago.
 
And 13 years ago, the Dutch were not just making liveable cities; they were making the following video too.  "Fiets 2000" is fascinating on a number of levels.  Firstly because it shows the Dutch at their best; going about their daily business by bicycle, in an environment where young and old alike have priority over the movement of motor vehicles around packed cities - always a joy to behold.  Secondly, because it shows how planning for moving people is really carefully thought out, in an integrated fashion, and the extent to which cycle infrastructure is key to this.  The video really is a masterclass in how serious cycle planning should be, and what its positive impact will become.  
Lastly, and most importantly, this video from 2000 is interesting because it shows that we are not 40 years behind the Netherlands, but that we are constantly slipping further and further back in time.



Utrecht, which features throughout this video, was extensively remodelled in the post-war period like most British cities in order to accommodate growing motor vehicle use.  Since this video was made, the entire city centre has been completely remodelled again in order to reduce the impact of the worst excesses of 1960s modernist planning, to create more public space by returning one of the main canals to the city centre (by completely removing a dual carriageway which had covered it) and to replace some office and retail building stock which was in need of an update.  Tens of thousands of bike parking spaces have been moved, tram routes have been re-directed, road space has been removed and water and public space returned.

Catherine Bridge in Utrecht through the ages, courtesy of BicycleDutch
Of course, during all of this building work the Dutch haven't simply closed down the centre of the city and ordered people on bikes to dismount; they've built an extensive network of detours and alternative routes in order to stop the city from grinding to a halt; 22,000 cyclist a day cross the viaduct over the old canal / dual carriageway.  Mark from the superb BicycleDutch blog has an excellent over view of the work taking place, and how the city is handling the thousands of displaced cyclists during the construction period.

Here in Britain, and more specifically London, we are also capable of re-building elements of our city at speed when we want to.  We designed, built and delivered the best Olympic Games in just 7 years.  Crossrail, the new high-capacity cross-city underground train line which is currently tearing up great swathes of central London, is on schedule to open in 2018 just 11 years after construction works broke ground.

But we are also capable of circuitous decades of hand-wringing, and dithering on a national scale.  Utrecht may have been completely reborn in the past 60 years, yet our national cycling campaign the CTC can't - after 135 years of existence - even bring itself to publicly admit that the Dutch way of planning and building for people on bikes is the best way.  As David Hembrow puts it "What do we want? Gradual Change! When do we want it?  In due course!"

I'm heartened to hear that our planners and politicians are starting to visit across the water for lessons on how truly to bring about a cycling revolution, but with the clock ticking all the time there really isn't any time to loose.

The Mayor and Andrew Gilligan must understand that when you say you're 40 years behind your cycling rivals, saying so doesn't stop the onward march of time.  As the Netherlands re-plan and re-pave their cycle-friendly cities we are always falling further behind.

Tick.

Tock.

Tick.

Tock.

If you want to help put pressure on our politicians to really "Go Dutch", join over 60,000 others and add your signature to the Get Britain Cycling petition.
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Het aantal fietsgewonden in Nederland blijft toenemen. Daarom moeten alle gemeenten voor eind 2013 een 'Lokale aanpak veilig fietsen' vaststellen. Als steuntje in de rug heeft het ministerie van IenM het rapport 'Fietsveiligheid Stand van zaken & best practices Nederlandse gemeenten in 2012' uitgebracht met voorbeelden van al uitgevoerde maatregelen.

De smartphone App Positive Drive die in Breda wordt ingezet om fietser te belonen, blijkt vooral veel interessante fietsdata op te leveren. Een eerste analyse van de ritgegevens laat bijvoorbeeld zien dat het fietsnetwerk er in de praktijk behoorlijk anders uitziet dan deskundigen dachten.

Belgium will soon have a new traffic sign that will be referred to as the “living end road” sign. It signals that the road is a blind alley for motorised traffic but not for cyclists and pedestrians.

I was prompted to write this piece based on a post by Carlton Reid on his Quickrelease blog, in which the a comparison is attempted between building infrastructure for bicycles as a means of increasing their use and building baseball stadiums as a means of increasing the popularity of baseball in the UK. As an analogy, it doesn’t really work (and I know I’ve strained a few myself on this blog in the past) but it is at least an interesting revisiting of a straw man with whom Carlton has been arguing with on and off for a few years now.

The straw man I refer to is as follows; that of the cycle campaigners advocating replication of The Netherlands’ approach to cycle infrastructure here in the UK, a significant proportion believe that implementing a botched half-measures as seen in Milton Keynes or Stevenage is enough to produce cycling rates in the UK which are comparable to those in The Netherlands. No-one is saying that quality cycle infrastructure is the entire solution to the unpopularity of cycling as a mode of transport in the UK, it is just most of the solution, difficult, an entirely essential component of the solution and the most obviously visible part of the changes required.  It makes sense that people are talking-up infrastructure; it is a very visible part of the changes we need, it is easy to communicate and it is the very foundation of making cycling a viable mode of transport for normal people. Talking down infrastructure, however, helps none of us, and is a particularly odd thing to do if you have previously made the case for the need for cyclists to present a united front to decision makers.

Carlton beats his straw man over the head with examples such as Milton Keynes or Stevenage, neither of which come close to representing what cycle campaigners advocating replication of The Netherlands’ approach to cycle infrastructure here in the UK are proposing. Whilst the treatment of main roads in these places may superficially resemble approaches used in The Netherlands, without the corresponding changes to other classes of road, such as residential streets, and the requisite inconveniencing of short-hop car trips arising from this infrastructure, attempting to use these places to argue that The Netherlands approach to cycle infrastructure would not work in the UK due to unspecified cultural difficulties is dishonest.

Instead, the importance of the built environment on the modes of travel people choose is downplayed, with unspecified cultural reasons suggested to be the real issue. As most of you will know, using the bicycle as a means of transport in most parts of the UK is not a normal thing to do. Using a means of transport which differs from the dominant means of transport; the car, on infrastructure designed entirely around the car, and amongst car users who have little understanding of cycling or cyclists can often make the act of cycling for transport into something of an ordeal. When facing this situation day in, day out, it can be very, very tempting to see the decision of others to drive rather than cycle as a personal failure, or a result of culture, rather than as a result of the environment. “If I can cycle in this, so can they,” you think to yourself, after a close overtake or a multi-lane roundabout, “if only they weren’t so lazy, or stupid, or addicted to their cars.” I find myself thinking along these lines sometimes, after a particularly gruelling ride to work. But really they’re just ordinary people, people who haven’t given much thought to why they chose the mode of transport they have. The cultural argument for why cycling has failed in the UK is so alluring because it allows us to feel morally superior to those who drive. Accepting that those who currently drive in the UK are the same as those who currently cycle in The Netherlands is hard because it means committing to changing the road environment here to more closely resemble that over there, which is a big job. It also means losing the thing which makes us special; being a cyclist, despite the environment, in a place where cycling is marginalised.

Carlton, it’s time to put this old straw man out to pasture.

There was an interesting comment nestling in a report of an inquest into a cyclist’s death, from road.cc yesterday -

Police Constable Ian Clark said it was “likely” the cyclist had been wearing earphones at the time of the collision – the implication being he may not have heard the vehicle behind him – adding: “I think a significant majority of motorists would have done as Mr Coggon [the driver] did,” he said.

It seems the cyclist was moving out to turn right, and was hit by a car that happened to be overtaking him. Obviously a tragic incident. Given that there are sparse details about what actually happened, it’s hard to say whether the verdict of accidental death is a reasonable one.

My concern here, however, is specifically the highlighted statement from Constable Clark. You can see that Mr Coggon is being defended in terms of how ‘the majority of motorists’ would behave. Put simply, Constable Clark is suggesting that Mr Coggon wasn’t doing anything wrong – couldn’t have been doing anything wrong – because he was driving like everyone else. The standards of driving set not by what is objectively safe, or proper, but by how ‘the majority of motorists’ would behave.  

Is that appropriate?

In my experience, ‘the majority of motorists’ do not pass me with anything like the recommended passing distance covered in the Highway Code – Rule 163. ‘The majority of motorists’ do not overtake me in a way that gives me the maximum amount of safety while I am cycling.

Equally, the ‘majority of motorists’ seem quite happy to overtake me around junctions, in plain contravention of Rule 167 -

DO NOT overtake where you might come into conflict with other road users. For example… approaching or at a road junction on either side of the road

This happens to me each and every day, and I’m sure (anecdotally, of course) that any person who rides a bike can report that it happens to them too, with remarkable frequency.

Now of course we don’t know the extent to which Mr Coggon flouted these rules of the Highway Code. He may well have been driving perfectly, and the cyclist was entirely to blame, swerving out randomly into the middle of the road.

The issue here, rather, is a police constable appearing to believe that the way ‘the majority of motorists’ behave is a reasonable and sound guide to what constitutes good driving, when in reality a ‘significant majority of motorists’ will quite happily overtake a cyclist, at close proximity, through junctions. The way the majority behaves is obviously not a sound guide to good driving.

The unspoken assumption behind a statement like this is that everyone behind the wheel is intrinsically well-behaved and reasonable; an assumption quite naturally shared by the general public, who make most day-to-day trips in their motor vehicles. If an individual crashes their car, news reports will describe how a ‘car crashed’ (even, bizarrely, that a ‘car lost control’), as if something unspecified went wrong with it, rather than a human being making an error. Likewise, if we get caught breaking a law, then it is the law that is wrong, and sneaky, and not our behaviour, which is obviously reasonable, because everyone else is behaving the same way.  See how speed cameras are described as ‘traps’ that unfairly catch out ‘otherwise law-abiding’ motorists, snaring them in a moment of weakness. ‘Ordinary’ drivers are good; circumstances, or the government, conspire to make them momentarily ‘bad’.

This logic is reflected in this remarkable statement from Ken Clarke, the former Justice Secretary, made in the House of Commons -

In the case of ordinary dangerous driving without any serious consequences, although I deplore all dangerous driving we cannot start imposing heavy prison sentences on everybody who might otherwise be a blameless citizen and then behaves in an absolutely reprehensible way when driving his car.

In the first place, we have the description of dangerous driving as ‘ordinary’ merely because the person behind the wheel had the good fortune – or blind luck – not to maim or seriously injure someone. A ‘blameless citizen’ who blasts through a zebra crossing at speed, while someone is on it, would only be engaging in ‘ordinary’ dangerous driving, not the kind with ‘serious consequences’.

In the second place, we can see that behaving ‘in an absolutely reprehensible way’ in a car is a completely different kind of reprehensible behaviour than the kind which might pose an identical – or even lesser – amount of danger, but doesn’t involve a car. It’s almost as if we expect people to behave badly in cars, that there’s something about a car that can turn ‘blameless citizens’ into ‘reprehensible drivers’, and we should make an accommodation for that kind of behaviour. Indeed, there appear to be so many of these ‘blameless citizens’ behaving reprehensibly in cars that we couldn’t possibly lock them all up!

I suppose it is natural that in a motorised society ‘reasonable behaviour’ is defined by how the majority behaves, even if the consequences of that majority behaviour could turn out to be appalling for who happen to be travelling by minority modes of transport. A jury apparently considered that a lorry driver who failed to spot Mary Bowers, clearly visible in front of him while stationary for at least ten seconds, could not possibly have been behaving dangerously, despite a catalogue of other offences. These kinds of extraordinary lapses are presumably not quite so extraordinary for these juries. A strange form of moral majority, that I hope will begin to dissolve, and soon.

Without further ado, the unveiling of our newest report: "The Bicycle Choreography of an Urban Intersection: an Anthropological Study".

Read it here and let us know what you think.

For summaries of some of the study's findings, have a look through the other parts of this series: On Bicycles & Behaviour, Numbers Speak Louder Than Words, and Copenhagenize Fixes.

Copenhagenize the planet. And have a lovely day.

Ondanks de bezuinigingsperikelen worden nog steeds aanzienlijke bedragen geïnvesteerd in nieuwe snelfietsroutes. Zo werd deze maand onder andere geld vrij gemaakt voor de snelfietsroutes Cuijk - Nijmegen, Houten-Nieuwegein en Nijverdal-Gronau .

This is where we believe it all comes together. As the previous two installments in this series have demonstrated, Copenhagenize Design Co. is unveiling a document to help analyse the intracacies at work in urban spaces. In fact, a fascinating intersection out of our very own window. We show that developing alternatives to mainstream traffic planning is possible with basic equipment and hours to devote to studying human movement patterns.
 Without further ado, we now present our “Copenhagenize Fixes”. These fixes are quite simple, but we believe, will go a long way in working with traffic behaviours, instead of policing them.The graphic above shows the following improvements to the streetscape. Each desire line is given a different letter as a label. The numbers are the number of bicycle users. Two numbers? The first is a mounted bicycle user and the second, a person walking their bike (example: through an intersection).
For bicycle users:

-Bicycle path is extended parallel to the pedestrian crossing, on the inside of the intersection:We create a safe space for bicycle users to make U-turns, while respecting the traffic flow and infrastructure. As the diagram shows, the edges are curved to facilitate their turning movements. Since the paint follows them through the crossing, the bicycle users are protected from automobile traffic.

-Car stop line is pushed back five metres: Bicycle users roll past the stop line to distance themselves from cars. Pushing the stop line away from the bicycle users creates more space for cyclists and would probably result in more conformist behaviour, since more than 90% of bicycle users respect the existing infrastructure.
-Additional traffic signal:Most intersections in Frederiksberg/Copenhagen come equipped with traffic signals, so adding one here closes a missing link in the city’s overall traffic design.
For pedestrians:-Crossing design:
The crosswalk edges wing out to match the places where pedestrians are most likely to enter the crossing. Throughout our observations, we noted people's tendency to enter the crosswalk from the edges of the white stripes, or step into the crosswalk from the outside of the lines entirely.

The pedestrian crossing is a lower-tech version of the Ergo Crosswalk designed by Jae Min Lim that we blogged about a few years back.

After publishing this document, we've thought more about design possibilities that would push the envelope for this intersection and others throughout the city. Another reason why the document cannot be viewed as a static product of our observations, but the tip of the planning iceberg. A path to new ideas that we will keep developing over time. So while these ideas incubate, we'll keep an eye peeled out our window and in city streets for how best to direct the choreography that blissfully surrounds us.Copenhagenize the planet. And have a lovely day.

It is at least 30 years old, the cycle bridge over the A28, the motorway from Utrecht to Groningen. This part of that motorway was opened in 1985, but a … Continue reading →

The Times’ excellent correspondent, Kaya Burgess, is currently in the Netherlands on a fact-finding mission, along with London’s Cycling Commisioner Andrew Gilligan, Scotland’s Minister for Transport Keith Brown, and others. I hope they like what they are seeing (it’s impossible not to). However, I think it is important that they fully understand the context and application of the interventions for cycling they are looking at.

Just one example – on Monday Kaya tweeted this picture of the ‘Fietsstraat’ sign -

Writing that it ‘gives cycles priority’ on Dutch residential streets.

Well, yes and no. Literally, the sign suggests that cars are ‘guests’ on this particular street. But it was immediately misunderstood by several people who responded to Kaya’s tweet – one wrote that

Every cyclist [should] make one and put it in their street

Another

THIS is what we need to back up the 20′s plenty campaign

And another

On every road cyclist are protected by law, and cars take second place. If there is a acident its by law the cardrivers fault.

Every single aspect of that last tweet being completely wrong.

Here’s what the Dutch CROW manual has to say about one particular version of the Fietsstraat -

I have highlighted that this particular Fietsstraat treatment (combined profile, i.e. motor vehicles and cyclists travel on the same ‘red’ cycle surface) should only be applied on access roads, where, as you can see, motor vehicles should not number more than 500 per day, or just 20 per hour (likely to be rather higher at peak times, of course, but probably only amounting to around just one or two vehicles every minute).

The same is true for other versions of the Fietsstraat. They are intended for use only in these very low motor traffic environments; places where motor vehicles are only using the Fietsstraat to access a deliberately small number of properties. The cars are ‘guests’ only because they are using the cycle street to access their own houses; they’re not being told to be ‘guests’ in a ‘please play nicely’ kind of way, which is likely to be completely ineffective.

Here’s a different version of the Fietsstraat – one with cycle tracks to the side, and central divider.

Again, this route will only be used by motor vehicles accessing a limited number of properties, and in very small numbers.

Simply plonking up ‘cyclists have priority’ signs on a typical UK residential street, which will have much higher levels of motor vehicle usage, will almost certainly achieve nothing, and may even be a recipe for conflict (I have pointed this out before).

The key ingredient of the Fietsstraat is the removal of motor traffic; the signs are merely the icing on the cake.

Someone just sent me a link to the "final draft" of Ontario's new Bicycle Facilities manual. This is book 18 of the Ontario Traffic Manual, covering all aspects of design for all modes of transport. I have not read the other manuals and can only hope they are better than this one because unfortunately from the front cover page onward the manual for bicycle facilities demonstrates a remarkably lowDavid Hembrowhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14543024940730663645noreply@blogger.com0http://www.aviewfromthecyclepath.com/2013/06/ontario-traffic-manual-bicycle.html

Wie in Vlaams-Brabant in aanmerking wil komen voor subsidie kan maar beter kiezen voor asfalt. 

Move aside hipsters of East London, there's some new kids on the bicycle block ready to casually steal the mantle of cool from under your wheels.  Who are these brave new trend setters, these leaders of the cycling pack?  A bunch of Edwardians in hoop skirts, bonnets, and wool suits who've been putting your bike skills to shame since 1901, that's who.



"Fancy Cycling" by Isabel Marks was first published over a hundred years ago, and a beautifully bound hard cover facsimile edition is soon to be re-released by Old House Books.

 Don't try this at home kids.  Actually, do.
Our straight-faced Edwardian cycling subjects are arranged in a variety of impressive, unlikely and down-right fanciful bike trick demonstrations.  And they want you to learn their extraordinary array of skills, too!  "..the saving quality of grace, the acquisition of a perfect balance, of a correct position, and of exact ankle action should be to the cyclist even as Mecca is to the follower of the Prophet - the goal of his desire" excited Ms Marks.


And there are not just flourishes of encouragement herein, but exact and detailed instructions on how to perform effective track stands, coasting on the handle bar, riding backwards, standing on the saddle and efficient skidding.


Eat your heart out, Florence Welch.
But all that is mere child's play and once mastered will provide a solid foundation for the more accomplished bicycle tricks such as the (surely once legendary?) "cycling butterfly dance" (pictured), knitting whilst awheel, jousting by bike, picking up handkerchiefs from the saddle, removing your jacket whilst riding (shocking!), balancing your bike on top of a table, or better still, balancing your bike on top of a tight rope on top of a table, skipping with a hoop on your bicycle, and my personal favourite - and surely only to be attempted by the most scandal-proof of cyclists - a move for a rider and his closest two friends that is simply described as "a venturesome trio".

There's tips on how to select the best gear ratios, how to prepare the ground for bicycle tricks (strangely there's no mention of padded floors or bicycle helmets, though it would appear Ms Marks does favour a dashing bonnet for the ladies), and how to recruit friends to form a troupe of bicycle tricksters.


 And I thought track standing on a Boris Bike was impressive.  Try doing it when you're 11 years old dressed in full Edwardian get up next time...

"I humbly crave your kind indulgence", wrote Ms Marks in 1901 "for the interesting subject upon which I have ventured to dilate, somewhat after the fashion of those who intrude where angels fear to tread.  May my insignificant efforts be of some little service to the merry band of tricksters; and may the tracks of their wheels be ever increasingly present in the land"

Little could she have guessed, over a hundred years later, that her book would still be doing just that, and helping to bring smiling faces and grazed knees to newly inspired trick cyclists across the country.

"Fancy Cycling" the facsimile reproduction will soon be available via the Publisher's Website, for order at all good local book store and via Amazon.com

For more bicycle-based nostalgia, do check out this article on The Guardian bike blog about the come back of the Penny Farthing by Carlton Reid.

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The Mayor of Münich, Hep Monatzeder, has just been awarded with the Cycling Embassy of Denmark’s Leadership Award for Cycling Promotion 2013 at the Velo-City 2013 Conference in Vienna. During the spring, we have collected nominations from people all over the world through our newsletter. Several prominent bicycle advocates, politicians, and organisations has been discussed. [...]

If you’re just tuning in, this series is dedicated to sharing a snippet of the main findings of our report entitled, “The Bicycle Choreography of an Urban Intersection—an anthropological study”. At the end of the series, we will unveil this report for the first time. Our first segment described behavioural findings from the study. The finer details of the urban theater and what we think really makes ordinary movements “come alive”: micro-communication through body language, subtle shifting at stop lines, and any number of other minute details discovered through close observation. Here, we take the quantitative data from the study and tell a story about our cities. A story about how to understand allegedly ‘rule-bending’ behaviour to discover how municipalities can better relate to these users and the desires of all on our roads today.
Thanks to some solid work by data wunderkind Pedro Madruga, we were able to visualize the finer details of the 16,631 bicycle users’ movements. Let’s return to the three “types” of Copenhagen cyclists that we introduced in the previous section: Conformists (93%), Momentumists (6%), Recklists (1%). The major reason why cyclists bend rules is to keep their momentum. As stated in the previous installment, bicycle users who bend the rules use a posture change that lets them communicate with others. Their more upright and alert position says they are aware of their infraction and the disturbance will soon dissipate. Cycling or scooting through pedestrian crossings made up 19% of the observed occurrences of rule bending and showed examples of these posture changes. The majority (53%) of the minor rule bending occurred as bicycles rolled past stop lines. As they “crawled” over the official stopping area, other bicycles often joined, their behaviour was influenced by the first bicycle’s position at the light. 


We dissected the presence of momentumist behaviour according to travel direction to investigate whether road design has an effect on prevalence of momentumists. Based on similar ratios in all directions, these differences in road design did not seem to influence the rule bending behaviour. Cyclists still bended rules to save momentum. Contrarily, the left turns from North to East had the lowest rule bending ratio: 1% (2 momentumists out of 329 conformists).
When turning right, the most frequently occurring “momentumist” behaviour was turning right on red. Something that is already legal (or changing soon) in many other cities. When turning left, the most common infraction occurred as momentumists saved time by cycling through the crosswalk.Not even the Recklists were truly “reckless” all of the time. 82% were classified with the ‘other momentumists’ data, so the second largest infraction was running a yellow light while it was turning red (10% of infractions).
In the next section, we will explain  our own “Copenhagenize Fixes” that take these rule bending behaviours into account and work with the 16,631 road users’ movements. One other important detail, often overlooked by traffic planners, is the simple U-turn. 35 were observed throughout the 12 hour observation period. 32 of these 35 occurred in a pedestrian crossing and the remaining 3 took place before the cyclist reached the crosswalk. We believe that deviations such as U-turns, cycling through pedestrian crosswalks, turning right on red lights, and walking outside of walkways are not opportunities for increased policing of cyclists or pedestrians. Instead they are opportunities for city and traffic planners to be more creative with the services they deliver to road users.
We couldn’t be more excited about sharing these fixes with you because of the pragmatic solutions they deliver. They may not fit every city. That is where urban thinkers in every city come in. “Old-fashioned” observation, analysis, and follow-up studies show new ways forward in urban planning. Ironically by returning to the “old” ways.Copenhagenize the planet. And have a lovely day.

Risk compensation – the proposition that a person’s perception of risk influences their risk-taking behaviour – has now become conventional wisdom.  No one now disputes that rock climbers with ropes will attempt manoeuvres that they would not attempt without them, or that trapeze artists will attempt manoeuvres with nets that they would not attempt without. The insurance industry calls it “moral hazard” and accepts that people with insurance take more risks than those without.  Financial regulators now acknowledge that banks that believe themselves, and their trading partners, to be too big to fail will take risks that others would not – confident of their government safety net.

Risk compensation has become conventional wisdom with a peculiar blind spot  – seat belt laws. Seat belts have become the popular metaphor for just about anything that offers protection against just about anything. Googling “fasten your seat belts” yields half a million hits – almost none of which has anything to do with road safety: the top hit at the time of writing this is “Fasten your seat belts – a balance of payments crisis looms”.

Repetition has created a constantly self-reinforcing myth that has rendered belief in the efficacy of seat belt laws impervious to attack. A new book entitled Against Autonomy: justifying coercive paternalism has just been called to my attention.  Its cover announces seat belts as its iconic exemplar of effective “coercive paternalism”. Conly deploys the “success” of seatbelt laws as a justification for further applications of coercive paternalism such as banning smoking:

“… we see widespread acceptance of seat belt laws, even for adults who are sober, rational, competent, and so on, because they so clearly prevent great harms in circumstances where there is no other way to stave off the damage that will otherwise ensue. “ (p5)

 

 No need to cite evidence. Their prevention of great harm is so clear and obvious.

Such routinely reiterated publicity for the life-saving effect of seat belt laws helps to explain why they don’t save lives. The risk compensation effect works through perception. If you perceive that something will make you safer you will modify your behavior. Both the belt itself, and the incessant publicity for hugely exaggerated claims for its effectiveness, help to account for the fact, now acknowledged even by supporters of the law amongst the leadership of Britain’s Parliamentary Advisory Council for Transport Safety, (see “Seat belt laws: why we should keep them”), that Britain’s seat belt law led to an increase in the numbers of pedestrians and cyclists killed.

The law didn’t work precisely because coercive paternalism was overridden by autonomous drivers. Pater could compel them to belt up, but could not compel them to want to be safer than they chose to be.

A thoughtful review of Against Autonomy by the person who brought it to my attention can be found here – http://grumpyarthistorian.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/sarah-conlys-against-autonomy-reviewed.html .

Readers new to this argument can catch up here – http://www.john-adams.co.uk/category/seat-belts/

“Think of a city and what comes to mind? Its streets”. The oft-quoted words of Jane Jacobs from her book, The Death and Life of Great American Cities ring true even in 2013. Throughout time, there have been key urbanists who are not satisfied with municipal jobs, tucked away from the citizens. These are the urban superheros. The almost mythic figures like Jacobs or William Whyte who intimately know our cities. 

A little over a year ago, we blogged about an exciting new project to honour these thinkers’ legacies. We put their methods into action in novel and exciting ways. We study the bicycle users' intricacies on a greater scale than ever before.
Enter a simple video camera, an ordinary intersection, and more than 16,000 bicycle users. “The Bicycle Choreography of an Urban Intersection—an anthropological study” was born.

Over 200 hours were logged by anthropologist Agnete Suhr as she studied 12 hours of video footage from our camera’s vantage point above two streets: Godthåbsvej and Nordre Fasanvej. Pedro Madruga logged hundreds of his own hours making sense of the raw data. The result? A delicious mélange of anthropological observation, video ethnography, and quantitative sense-making. There is something ground-breaking here. It is one thing to advocate for people-centered planning. Quite another to get our hands dirty and investigate methods to better accomplish this feat. We classify and categorize the bicycle users’ “desire lines” throughout the intersection. Where they go, but also how they get there. 

Are bicycle users really the two-wheeled tyrants that popular media and common conceptions pin them as? Yup. We’re closing up shop…Just kidding. Three major “types” of bicycle users emerge, separating the steady stream of bicycles into a diverse and differentiated bunch. Each “type” uses the urban theater differently, like the people William Whyte captures on film in the plaza of the Seagram Building in New York City.
Now, in this three part series, we are proud to present you with the study’s most pertinent findings. Stay tuned for the full document’s unveiling in the last segment. This is no fancifully-designed paperweight. We hope that traffic engineers, city planners, flaneurs of all sorts, urban fanciers, and elected officials alike will take interest and make our ‘Copenhagenize Fixes’ a reality.


Let’s begin with what we’ve learned about the users’ behaviours through the intersection. The next edition describes the results of the “number crunching” that came out of studying all these choices and so-called “rule-breaking” behaviours. Our final words cover the infrastructure improvements that we believe will work with these users’ movements and truly transform planners’ prioritization of urban space.
So let’s dive in…What interested us most after hours in front of the video screen? What was remarkable or noteworthy? We focus on bicycle users, but the full document reports on all who were in the road that spring day.
Mixing desiresDesire lines. The footsteps (or wheel rotations) marking movements outside of the mainstream, pre-decided paths. French philosopher, Gaston Bachelard coined the term ‘desire paths’ in 1958. We pay homage to Bachelard and the urban visionary Michel de Certeau by spotting these fleeting desire lines. When stepping outside of the “normal” movements, it was fascinating to watch when bicycle users’ posture shifted. Tiny changes that help facilitate communication amongst other road users. Look for them while you walk or ride.

Occasionally, bicycle users needed to cut through pedestrian crosswalks to change routes. They would either stay on their bicycle, “scoot” along with one foot on the pedal while the other pushes off from the asphalt, or hop off entirely and walk across. In choosing the one of the first two options, the bicycle user sits straighter, glances around more frequently, and generally makes his or her presence known. They resume their normal position once they are again in the cycle-only space. We do not advocate the willy-nilly mixing of road users, yet these small encounters show the lack of drama between pedestrians and bicycle users. They communicate with subtle body language and voila! Safe passage for all. The tape showed no events of angry pedestrians cursing at bicycle users, or similar over-the-top encounters that have become the anti-bike, apocalyptic visions of so many hesitant to embrace bicycles in city streets. Conflicts do occur--and Copenhagen could do a lot more to treat pedestrians with the same level of courtesy that they do cyclists—but our video ethnography revealed no such occurrences.
Pedestrians continuously entered the crossings from the very edges or off the white stripes entirely. As they crossed, sometimes their paths curved in the center, so that they walked in the middle of the stripe by the time they reached the road’s center.
“Follow the leader”Movement throughout city space is a funny thing because users act according to their own wishes, yet these choices are influenced by others’ movements and choices. We observed this “follow the leader” spirit when bicycle users chose to wait either before or after the stop line at traffic signals. Time after time again, we saw the first person at a light set the precedent for the cyclists who joined them there. If one waited in front of the stop line—while making a box turn, say—rather than the customary position behind the line, small bicycle packs formed nearer this ‘first mover’. If the first mover positioned themselves behind the line, the bicycles who joined them at the light frequently waited behind the light as well, instead of going past the line.



Like the “scooting” cyclist we discuss above, these bicycle users are (perhaps unbeknownst to them) using subtle body language to coexist together. It is fascinating to watch how their movements relate to one another and how their paths intertwine in surprising ways.


Try it next time. Note where you stop and let us know. Are these behavior patterns similar in other cities or not? If one bike stopped at a red light starts to “crawl” forward at a light to roll past the stop line, do others follow? Our own observations saw others “crawl” forward as well. Fascinating fodder for any number of other urban experiments.
The three bicyce users you might meet on Copenhagen’s cycle tracks
Our office has ridden bicycles in 70 cities around the world. It is an understatement to say we are confident in Copenhageners' well-behaved bicycle behaviour. Having the infrastructure to follow, means they will stick to these paths. No surprise here!

So who are these mysterious Citizen Cyclists making their way around Copenhagen? We’ve devoted our work to catering to their needs, telling their stories in the cities where we ride, and generally trying to export their experiences elsewhere. So it makes sense to take an “up-close and personal” glance into how they travel. “Those damn cyclists!” as it turns out, are much more heterogeneous than the average person might think.
Conformists—93% of observed users. They follow the rules. Generally very precisely. They stick to the paths laid down in front of them and follow the traffic signals and road markings how they were intended to be used. Even if the rules governing cyclists were mainly car-centric in origin.
Momentumists—6% of observed users. They follow their desire to keep a steady flow and make adjustments accordingly, including turning right on red or carefully riding through a pedestrian crossing (See the above section for more on this).
Recklists—1% of observed users. The original wild urban poster child for the “bad” cyclist: riding through red lights and turning left like a car. In contrast with the legal method of riding straight through an intersection, turning 90 degrees and halting at the light before continuing in the new direction.
Of the rule breaking we observed, the majority (53%) occurred as bicycle users “crawled” past lines at red lights. Not so grave an infraction as some associate with urban bicyclists. The physical environment (segregated cycle infrastructure) and influence of other road users (stopping location—see previous section) combine to shape cyclist behaviour. In building bicycle culture in other cities, we can use these findings as powerful tools. They show insight into the building blocks for safe, respectful, and successful bicycle mainstreaming.
Up next: Get your calculators ready because we’ll show you the numbers behind our behavioural observations.
Copenhagenize the planet. And have a lovely day.